{"id":3291,"date":"2022-10-14T18:00:18","date_gmt":"2022-10-14T20:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ltim.lt\/?page_id=3291"},"modified":"2022-10-14T18:01:54","modified_gmt":"2022-10-14T20:01:54","slug":"aukso-ordos-miestai","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/galerija\/bendra-istorija\/aukso-ordos-miestai\/","title":{"rendered":"Aukso ordos miestai"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3291\" class=\"elementor elementor-3291\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-41660e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"41660e3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e6f998\" data-id=\"3e6f998\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a988a6 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"4a988a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-book-open\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-169ceba9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"169ceba9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e9b4453\" data-id=\"4e9b4453\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6095dd78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6095dd78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\"><!-- wp:tadv\/classic-paragraph -->\n<p>Berke Sarajaus miesto gyvenime labai svarbi\u0105 viet\u0105 u\u017e\u0117m\u0117 pirkliai. XIII \u2013 XIV a. valdant mongolams, visose mongol\u0173 valstyb\u0117se pirkliams, ypa\u010d dideli\u0173 prekybos nam\u0173 ar arteli\u0173 nariams, buvo skirta garbinga vieta. Chano Tochtamy\u0161o jarlyke Jogailai 1393 metais vartojamas posakis \u201ebazargan ortoklaryn\u201c, t.y. \u201etavo pirkli\u0173 artel\u0117s\u201c. Nors \u0161is posakis skirtas Jogailos pirkliams, \u0161io termino atitikmen\u012f \u201eurtak\u201c mes randame ir ryt\u0173 \u0161altiniuose, apib\u016bdinan\u010diuose Aukso Ordos ir Persijos valstyb\u0117s pirklius, valdomus mongol\u0173 Chulagid\u0173 dinastijos. Vasafo istorijoje, \u017einomoje kaip \u201eTarich-i-Vasaf\u201c, da\u017enai galima rasti termin\u0105 \u201eurtak\u201c, kuriuo turimas omenyje pirklys; da\u017enai \u0161iuo terminu vadinami visi Berke pirkliai. Dar V. V. Bartoldas pa\u017eym\u0117jo, kad terminas \u201eurtak\u201c, pavartotas pirkliui pavadinti apib\u016bdina j\u012f kaip \u201edraug\u0105 reikaluose\u201c, \u201ekompanion\u0105\u201c, prekybos kompanijos nar\u012f.<\/p>\n<p>Tas pats Vasafas pasakoja, kad Aukso Ordos pirkliai (urtak) tur\u0117jo dideli\u0173 ind\u0117li\u0173 Tebrize, pas \u017eymius \u0161io miesto pilie\u010dius. Pirkli\u0173 kompanijos ne tik laik\u0117 ind\u0117lius \u012fvairiose prekybos ir amatinink\u0173 \u012fmon\u0117se, bet ir \u0117m\u0117 i\u0161pirkas, kaip min\u0117ta auk\u0161\u010diau, i\u0161tis\u0173 apskri\u010di\u0173 ir miest\u0173 mokes\u010dius. Daugelis pirkli\u0173 ar i\u0161tis\u0173 prekybos organizacij\u0173 buvo artimos chano vald\u017eiai. I\u0161 pirkli\u0173 tarpo i\u0161kildavo auk\u0161\u010diausio rango pareig\u016bnai (darugos, baskakai) ir da\u017enai net pasiuntiniai. Pirkliai ne kart\u0105 skolindavo chanams pinig\u0173, kai jiems to reik\u0117jo. Kai Egipto pasiuntiniui prireik\u0117 pinig\u0173 i\u0161pirkai u\u017e karalait\u0119 Tulunbai, tur\u0117jusi\u0105 i\u0161tek\u0117ti u\u017e Egipto mameliuk\u0173 sultono, Uzbekas pasak\u0117 pastarojo pasiuntiniui: \u201emes \u012fsakysime pirkliams paskolinti pinig\u0173 tiems, kuriems reikia \u012fne\u0161ti i\u0161pirk\u0105, &#8211; ir \u012fsak\u0117 jiems tai padaryti. Jis (pasiuntinys) pasiskolino dvide\u0161imt t\u016bkstan\u010di\u0173 dinar\u0173 grynu auksu ir \u012fne\u0161\u0117 juos\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Jau buvo min\u0117ta, kokio pob\u016bd\u017eio buvo Aukso Ordos karavanin\u0117 prekyba, kuo prekiavo Sarajuose, Urgen\u010de, Bulgare, Kryme, kokias prekes ve\u017e\u0117 i\u0161 Kinijos, Vidurin\u0117s Azijos, k\u0105 atve\u017edavo i\u0161 Europos, k\u0105 tiekdavo pati Aukso Orda. Pabaigoje reik\u0117t\u0173 sustoti ties prekyba \u017eirgais, apie kuri\u0105 taip detaliai ra\u0161o min\u0117tasis XIV a. tre\u010diojo de\u0161imtme\u010dio arab\u0173 keliautojas Ibn Batuta. Jis pasakoja, kad De\u0161t i Kip\u010diakas gars\u0117jo savo \u017eirgais. Geriausi i\u0161 j\u0173 kainavo nuo penkiasde\u0161imties iki \u0161e\u0161iasde\u0161imties dirchem\u0173. \u0160iuos \u017eirgus i\u0161ve\u017edavo \u012f daugel\u012f \u0161ali\u0173, ypa\u010d \u012f Indij\u0105. Karavanas siekdavo iki \u0161e\u0161i\u0173 t\u016bkstan\u010di\u0173 \u017eirg\u0173. Juos si\u0173sdavo pirkli\u0173 kompanijos, vienam pirkliui tekdavo nuo \u0161imto iki dviej\u0173 \u0161imt\u0173 arkli\u0173. Kiekvienus 50 arkli\u0173 aptarnaudavo atskiras piemuo. \u0160iaur\u0117s Indijoje, Multane pirkliai mok\u0117jo muito mokest\u012f u\u017e kiekvien\u0105 arkl\u012f \u2013 septynis dinarus sidabru. Aukso Ordos pirkliai u\u017edirbdavo didelius pinigus, nepaisant i\u0161laid\u0173 kelionei, rinkliav\u0173. Savo arklius jie parduodavo ne pigiau nei 100 dinar\u0173 sidabru. Anot XV am\u017eiaus septintojo de\u0161imtme\u010dio Venecijos pasiuntinio Josafato Barbaro, tuo metu De\u0161t i Kip\u010diakas \u012f Iran\u0105 i\u0161ve\u017edavo iki keturiasde\u0161imties t\u016bkstan\u010di\u0173 \u017eirg\u0173.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>I\u0161 knygos \u201eAukso Orda, VI skyrius \u201eMiestai Aukso Ordoje\u201c, Leningradas, 1937 m., 107\u2013118 psl. Pabaiga, prad\u017eia \u201eLietuvos totoriai\u201c Nr. 7\u20138 (95\u201396), 9\u201310 (97\u2013 98).<\/em><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:tadv\/classic-paragraph --><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Berke Sarajaus miesto gyvenime labai svarbi\u0105 viet\u0105 u\u017e\u0117m\u0117 pirkliai. XIII \u2013 XIV a. valdant mongolams, visose mongol\u0173 valstyb\u0117se pirkliams, ypa\u010d dideli\u0173 prekybos nam\u0173 ar arteli\u0173 nariams, buvo skirta garbinga vieta. Chano Tochtamy\u0161o jarlyke Jogailai 1393 metais vartojamas posakis \u201ebazargan ortoklaryn\u201c, t.y. \u201etavo pirkli\u0173 artel\u0117s\u201c. Nors \u0161is posakis skirtas Jogailos pirkliams, \u0161io termino atitikmen\u012f \u201eurtak\u201c mes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":133,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-text.php","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3291"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3291"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3291\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3295,"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3291\/revisions\/3295"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/133"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3291"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}