{"id":1757,"date":"2022-01-11T19:00:26","date_gmt":"2022-01-11T21:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ltim.lt\/?page_id=1757"},"modified":"2022-01-11T19:00:27","modified_gmt":"2022-01-11T21:00:27","slug":"senoji-totoriu-kalba","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/galerija\/literatura-ir-spauda\/senoji-totoriu-kalba\/","title":{"rendered":"Senoji totori\u0173 kalba"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Kip\u010diak\u0173 kalba \u2013 tai mirusi tiurk\u0173 \u0161eimos kalba, kuria kalb\u0117jo De\u0161ti Kip\u010diakai. Pers\u0173 kalba \u2013 De\u0161t-e Kip\u010dak.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Vartota X a. viduryje \u2013 XVI a.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kumanai (pavadinimas vartojamas Vakar\u0173 Europos ir Bizantijos autori\u0173), taip pat \u017einomi kaip polovcai, polovie\u010diai (pagal istorijos \u0161altinius, rus\u0173 metra\u0161\u010dius). Ankstyv\u0173j\u0173 viduram\u017ei\u0173 vakar\u0173 tiurk\u0173 klajokli\u0173 gentis, gyvenusi\u00a0 \u0160iaur\u0117s Kaukaze, \u012f \u0161iaur\u0119 nuo Juodosios j\u016bros palei Volg\u0105, vakaruose teritorija siek\u0117 Krym\u0105, dal\u012f Balkan\u0173. Ji siejama su vakarine kip\u010diak\u0173 \u0161aka.<\/span><\/p>\n

I\u0161 kip\u010dak\u0173 kalbos tarmi\u0173 v\u0117liau susidar\u0117 kara\u010diaj\u0173-balkar\u0173, karaim\u0173, karakalpak\u0173, kazach\u0173, kirgiz\u0173, kumyk\u0173, totori\u0173 ir kitos kalbos. Jos sudaro tiurk\u0173 vakar\u0173 grup\u0117s kip\u010diak\u0173 pogrup\u012f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kip\u010diak\u0173 kalba paliudyta ra\u0161to paminkl\u0173. Duomen\u0173 apie kip\u010diak\u0173 kalb\u0105 iki mongol\u0173 ir totori\u0173 valstyb\u0117s Aukso ordos susidarymo (XIa. \u2014XIII a. prad\u017eia) pateikta M. Kasgarli tiurk\u0173 tarmi\u0173 \u017eodyne (Divan i Liugat it Tiurk, para\u0161ytas arab\u0173 k. Bagdade 1072\u201477, i\u0161leistas 1915\u201417 Stambule).<\/span><\/p>\n

Svarbesni ra\u0161to paminklai sukurti po Aukso ordos susik\u016brimo (XIII a. 3 de\u0161imtmetis). I\u0161 j\u0173 svarbiausias \u2013 lotyn\u0173-pers\u0173-kip\u010diak\u0173 kalb\u0173\u00a0 \u017eodynas su kitais tekstais, vadinamais Codex Cumanicus (para\u0161ytas XIII a. pabaigoje, dalis i\u0161leista 1828 m., visas 1880 m.).<\/span><\/p>\n

Kip\u010diak\u0173 kalba \u2013 agliutinacin\u0117. \u017dod\u017eio prad\u017eioje vietoje kit\u0173 tiurk\u0173 kalb\u0173 vartojam\u0173 \u017e arba d\u017e yra j. Leksikoje gaus\u0173 skolini\u0173 i\u0161 og\u016bz\u0173, arab\u0173, graik\u0173, pers\u0173, ir kit\u0173 kalb\u0173.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stepi\u0173 gyventojai vert\u0117si klajokline gyvulininkyste, XI\u2014XIII a. buvo suk\u016br\u0119 gen\u010di\u0173 s\u0105jung\u0105, kuriai vadovavo chanai.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kumanai (kip\u010dakai) kildinami i\u0161 skit\u0173.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Palikuonys \u2014 totoriai, kazachai, kirgizai, ba\u0161kirai, nogajai.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0117liau Ponto step\u0117se i\u0161sivyst\u0117 Aukso orda (Did\u017eioji orda, Nogaj\u0173 orda, Krymo ir Astrachan\u0117s chanatai).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n

\u0160altiniai:<\/span><\/p>\n

Kumanai, internetin\u0117 prieiga: https:\/www.vle.lt\/Straipsnis\/kumanai-82956.
<\/span>Ismailov A., Kip\u010diak\u0173 kalba, internetin\u0117 prieiga: https:\/www.vle.lt\/straipsnis\/kipciaku-kalba.
<\/span>Visuotin\u0117 lietuvi\u0173 enciklopedija, t. XIXI (Prie-Reu), Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedij\u0173 leidybos institutas, 2011.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kip\u010diak\u0173 kalba \u2013 tai mirusi tiurk\u0173 \u0161eimos kalba, kuria kalb\u0117jo De\u0161ti Kip\u010diakai. Pers\u0173 kalba \u2013 De\u0161t-e Kip\u010dak.\u00a0 Vartota X a. viduryje \u2013 XVI a.\u00a0 Kumanai (pavadinimas vartojamas Vakar\u0173 Europos ir Bizantijos autori\u0173), taip pat \u017einomi kaip polovcai, polovie\u010diai (pagal istorijos \u0161altinius, rus\u0173 metra\u0161\u010dius). Ankstyv\u0173j\u0173 viduram\u017ei\u0173 vakar\u0173 tiurk\u0173 klajokli\u0173 gentis, gyvenusi\u00a0 \u0160iaur\u0117s Kaukaze, \u012f \u0161iaur\u0119 nuo […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1763,"parent":142,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-text.php","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1757"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1757"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1757\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1760,"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1757\/revisions\/1760"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/142"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ltim.lt\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1757"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}